{ "metadata": { "dataset_key": "jddg-2025-v9.0", "dataset_revision": "0.23", "topic_slug": "grounding", "topic_label_ja": "接地・ボンディング", "topic_label_en": "Grounding / Bonding", "requirement_count": 75, "summary_layer_version": "1.1", "terminology_policy_version": "1.1", "display_text_revision": "1.1" }, "description_ja": "接地・ボンディングに関係するJDDG要件を、設計上の確認項目ごとに分類しています。", "focus_items_ja": [ "接地極・接地網", "機器接地", "中性点接地", "ボンディング", "シールド・信号基準", "接地抵抗", "雷保護との連携" ], "related_terms": [], "requirements": [ { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.8.1.1-R03", "section": "14.8.1.1", "title_ja": "設計解析書", "title_en": "DESIGN ANALYSIS", "summary_ja": "設計解析書（Design Analysis）の説明には、接地を含めることを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "The design analysis narrative should address grounding.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "design/parametric" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.8.1.1-R03/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.8.3.1-R05", "section": "14.8.3.1", "title_ja": "図面", "title_en": "DRAWINGS", "summary_ja": "中間設計（Intermediate Design）には、接地棒、接地導体、避雷突針、それらのサイズ・寸法・材料種別を示す雷保護・接地計画を含めることを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Intermediate design is to include lightning-protection and grounding plans showing rods, conductors, air terminals, sizes, dimensions, and material types.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "design/intermediate" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.8.3.1-R05/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.9.3-R01", "section": "14.9.3", "title_ja": "接地", "title_en": "GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "接地システムの決定には、最低限MIL HDBK-419AおよびNECを用いて計算することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Grounding-system determination should be calculated using MIL HDBK-419A and NEC as a minimum basis.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.9.3-R01/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.9.3-R02", "section": "14.9.3", "title_ja": "接地", "title_en": "GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "案件敷地の土壌抵抗率は、現地調査データまたは信頼できる過去データから取得することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Project-site soil resistivity should be obtained from site survey data or credible historical data.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.9.3-R02/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.9.3-R03", "section": "14.9.3", "title_ja": "接地", "title_en": "GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "接地棒の間隔は、接地棒長さの少なくとも2倍とすることを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Ground rods should be spaced at least twice the rod length.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.9.3-R03/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.9.3-R04", "section": "14.9.3", "title_ja": "接地", "title_en": "GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "接地部材には銅を使用することを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Copper is to be used for grounding items.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.9.3-R04/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.9.3-R05", "section": "14.9.3", "title_ja": "接地", "title_en": "GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "接地のボンディング接続には、テルミット溶接を使用することを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Grounding bonding is to use exothermically welded connections.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.9.3-R05/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.9.3-R06", "section": "14.9.3", "title_ja": "接地", "title_en": "GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "接地試験ウェルは、少なくとも建物の最も離れた4隅に設けることを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Grounding test wells should be provided at a minimum at the four farthest building corners.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation", "commissioning" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.9.3-R06/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.10.3.2-R03", "section": "14.10.3.2", "title_ja": "ケーブル構成", "title_en": "CABLE CONFIGURATION", "summary_ja": "シールド付きケーブル構造を標準とすることを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Shielded cable construction should be standard practice.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.10.3.2-R03/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.11.7.3-R02", "section": "14.11.7.3", "title_ja": "エポキシ封止型", "title_en": "EPOXY-ENCAPSULATED TYPE", "summary_ja": "絶縁シールドは、一般用変圧器の二次中性点と同じ方法で接地することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "The isolation shield should be grounded in the same manner as the secondary neutral of general-purpose transformers.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.11.7.3-R02/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.11.8.5-R04", "section": "14.11.8.5", "title_ja": "並列配線", "title_en": "PARALLEL RUNS", "summary_ja": "各並列回路の機器接地導体は、上位過電流保護装置の定格に基づく全故障電流に対応するサイズとすることを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Each leg equipment-grounding conductor must be sized for total fault current based on the upstream overcurrent-device rating.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.11.8.5-R04/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.11.8.5-R05", "section": "14.11.8.5", "title_ja": "並列配線", "title_en": "PARALLEL RUNS", "summary_ja": "負荷電流と同様に故障電流を並列機器接地導体へ分担させる考え方は認めていません。", "source_fact_en": "Apportioning fault current among parallel equipment-grounding conductors in the same way as load current is not acceptable.", "strength": "prohibited", "strength_ja": "禁止", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.11.8.5-R05/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.11.9.4-R02", "section": "14.11.9.4", "title_ja": "露出形配線路およびワイヤウェイ", "title_en": "SURFACE MOUNTED RACEWAY AND WIREWAYS", "summary_ja": "記載された多口露出レースウェイ構成には、並行する機器接地・静電気接地バーを設けることを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "A parallel equipment/static ground bar is to be provided with the described multi-outlet surface-raceway arrangement.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.11.9.4-R02/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.11.12.1-R03", "section": "14.11.12.1", "title_ja": "一般用コンセント", "title_en": "GENERAL USE RECEPTACLES", "summary_ja": "電力導体とともに緑色の機器接地導体を敷設する設計を優先しています。", "source_fact_en": "The preferred design approach is to install a green equipment-grounding conductor with the power conductors.", "strength": "preference", "strength_ja": "優先", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.11.12.1-R03/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.11.12.1-R04", "section": "14.11.12.1", "title_ja": "一般用コンセント", "title_en": "GENERAL USE RECEPTACLES", "summary_ja": "米空軍（Air Force）案件では、電力導体とともに緑色の機器接地導体を敷設することを必須としています。", "source_fact_en": "Installation of the green equipment-grounding conductor with the power conductors is mandatory for Air Force projects.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.11.12.1-R04/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.1-R02", "section": "14.12.1", "title_ja": "雷保護", "title_en": "LIGHTNING PROTECTION", "summary_ja": "他システムの接地極は、地中で相互接続することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Ground electrodes of other systems should be interconnected below grade.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.1-R02/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.1.3-R01", "section": "14.12.1.3", "title_ja": "貯蔵タンク", "title_en": "STORAGE TANKS", "summary_ja": "貯蔵タンクは接地することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Storage tanks should be grounded.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.1.3-R01/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.1.5-R01", "section": "14.12.1.5", "title_ja": "電気系統の雷保護", "title_en": "LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS", "summary_ja": "電気設備の雷・サージ保護は、適切な接地と組み合わせた避雷器またはサージ抑制器によって行うのが一般的であると示しています。", "source_fact_en": "Lightning/surge protection is generally achieved with surge arresters or suppressors together with proper grounding.", "strength": "guidance", "strength_ja": "指針", "applicable_phases": [ "design" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.1.5-R01/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.1.5-R02", "section": "14.12.1.5", "title_ja": "電気系統の雷保護", "title_en": "LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS", "summary_ja": "電位上昇、二次放電、代替接地経路を抑えるため、接地までの経路をできるだけ短く直線的にすることを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "The path to ground should be as short and straight as possible to reduce voltage buildup, secondary flash, and alternate ground paths.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.1.5-R02/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2-G01", "section": "14.12.2", "title_ja": "接地", "title_en": "GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "電力系統の接地に関する参照資料として、IEEE 142を挙げています。", "source_fact_en": "The source identifies IEEE 142 as a reference for power-system grounding.", "strength": "guidance", "strength_ja": "指針", "applicable_phases": [ "design" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2-G01/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2-R01", "section": "14.12.2", "title_ja": "接地", "title_en": "GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "敏感な電子機器の試験・保守、通信、データ処理用途では、MIL HDBK 419A、ANSI/TIA-607、IEEE 1100を参照・設計基準として使用することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "For sensitive electronics testing, maintenance, communications, or data-processing applications, MIL HDBK 419A, ANSI/TIA-607, and IEEE 1100 should be used as reference and design criteria.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "commissioning", "operations_maintenance" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2-R01/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.1-R01", "section": "14.12.2.1", "title_ja": "目的", "title_en": "OBJECTIVES", "summary_ja": "接地は、機器・システム間の電位差を低減し、故障電流の低インピーダンス経路を確保し、循環電流のリスクを最小化するよう設計することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Grounding should reduce voltage differences between equipment and systems, provide low-impedance fault-current paths, and minimize circulating-current risk.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.1-R01/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R01", "section": "14.12.2.2", "title_ja": "変圧器接地", "title_en": "TRANSFORMER GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "電力系統の一次・二次側は接地Y結線を優先し、変圧器および建物引込部で中性点を接地する構成を推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Grounded-wye is the preferred primary and secondary power-system configuration, with system neutral grounded at transformers and building services.", "strength": "preference", "strength_ja": "優先", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R01/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R02", "section": "14.12.2.2", "title_ja": "変圧器接地", "title_en": "TRANSFORMER GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "Y系統からデルタ分岐を取る場合は、低インピーダンス故障経路と過電流保護装置の適切な動作を確保するため、中性線を建物引込部まで延長することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "If a delta tap is taken from a wye system, the neutral should be extended to the building service to provide a low-impedance fault path and proper overcurrent-device operation.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R02/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R03", "section": "14.12.2.2", "title_ja": "変圧器接地", "title_en": "TRANSFORMER GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "接地Y変圧器では、一次側と二次側の中性点をX0端子で接続することを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "For a grounded-wye transformer, primary and secondary neutrals are to be tied together at the X0 terminal.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R03/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R04", "section": "14.12.2.2", "title_ja": "変圧器接地", "title_en": "TRANSFORMER GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "変圧器フレームは、高圧側および低圧側の機器基礎の双方から接地することを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Transformer frames are to be grounded from both high-voltage and low-voltage equipment pads.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R04/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R05", "section": "14.12.2.2", "title_ja": "変圧器接地", "title_en": "TRANSFORMER GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "接地Y二次側では、X0から変圧器フレームへ接地ストラップを設けることを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "A grounded-wye secondary requires a ground strap from X0 to the transformer frame.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R05/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R06", "section": "14.12.2.2", "title_ja": "変圧器接地", "title_en": "TRANSFORMER GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "コンクリート基礎の周囲にカウンターポイズを設け、少なくとも2本の接地棒に接続することを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "A counterpoise is to be installed around concrete pads and connected to at least two rods.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R06/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R07", "section": "14.12.2.2", "title_ja": "変圧器接地", "title_en": "TRANSFORMER GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "避雷器からの接地導体と、変圧器中性点・外箱からの接地導体を別々に敷設することを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Separate conductors are to be extended from arresters and from the transformer neutral/housing.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R07/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R08", "section": "14.12.2.2", "title_ja": "変圧器接地", "title_en": "TRANSFORMER GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "中性点は直接接地を標準とすることを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Solidly grounded neutrals should be the normal practice.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R08/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R09", "section": "14.12.2.2", "title_ja": "変圧器接地", "title_en": "TRANSFORMER GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "抵抗接地など他の中性点接地方式を使用する場合は、設計解析書（Design Analysis）に根拠データと理由を示すことを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "If resistance grounding or other neutral-grounding methods are used, supporting data and reasoning are to be provided in the Design Analysis.", "strength": "conditional_mandatory", "strength_ja": "条件付き必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R09/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R10", "section": "14.12.2.2", "title_ja": "変圧器接地", "title_en": "TRANSFORMER GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "カウンターポイズには、各隅に1本ずつ計4本の接地棒を設けることを優先しています。", "source_fact_en": "Four grounding rods, one at each corner, are preferred for the counterpoise.", "strength": "preference", "strength_ja": "優先", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.2-R10/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.3-R01", "section": "14.12.2.3", "title_ja": "雷・サージ保護", "title_en": "LIGHTNING AND SURGE PROTECTION", "summary_ja": "雷または電圧サージの影響を受ける施設・機器には、接地へ直接接続する低インピーダンス導体を設けることを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Facilities and equipment subject to lightning or voltage surges require low-impedance conductors connected directly to ground.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.3-R01/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.3-R02", "section": "14.12.2.3", "title_ja": "雷・サージ保護", "title_en": "LIGHTNING AND SURGE PROTECTION", "summary_ja": "他システムの接地極から7.5 m以内にある接地極は、地中で相互接続することを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Ground electrodes within 7.5 m of electrodes belonging to other systems must be interconnected below grade.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.3-R02/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.4-R01", "section": "14.12.2.4", "title_ja": "機器接地", "title_en": "EQUIPMENT GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "すべての電気機器を、該当するNEC表に従ってサイズ選定した機器接地導体へ接続することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "All electrical equipment should be connected to an equipment-grounding conductor sized in accordance with the applicable NEC table.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.4-R01/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.4-R02", "section": "14.12.2.4", "title_ja": "機器接地", "title_en": "EQUIPMENT GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "非金属レースウェイ、およびEMT内のコンセント回路には、独立した機器接地導体を設けることを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "A separate equipment-grounding cable must be provided with nonmetallic raceway and for receptacle circuits in EMT.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.4-R02/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.4-R03", "section": "14.12.2.4", "title_ja": "機器接地", "title_en": "EQUIPMENT GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "フィーダおよびモータ回路には、それぞれ独立した接地導体を設けることを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Separate grounding conductors are required for feeders and motor circuits.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.4-R03/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.4-R04", "section": "14.12.2.4", "title_ja": "機器接地", "title_en": "EQUIPMENT GROUNDING", "summary_ja": "建物引込部と引込変圧器の双方で中性線がボンディングされている場合は、その間に機器接地導体を延長しないことを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Equipment-ground conductors should not be extended between the building service and service transformer when the neutral is bonded at both locations.", "strength": "recommended_against", "strength_ja": "非推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.4-R04/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.5-R01", "section": "14.12.2.5", "title_ja": "信号基準サブシステム", "title_en": "SIGNAL REFERENCE SUBSYSTEM", "summary_ja": "厳しい性能要求を持つ電子機器施設では、信号基準接地構成を設けることを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "A signal-reference ground configuration should be provided in electronics facilities with strict performance requirements.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.5-R01/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.5-R02", "section": "14.12.2.5", "title_ja": "信号基準サブシステム", "title_en": "SIGNAL REFERENCE SUBSYSTEM", "summary_ja": "信号基準接地の設計は、MIL HDBK 419AおよびIEEE 1100に従うことを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Signal-reference grounding design should follow MIL HDBK 419A and IEEE 1100.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design" ], "quality_flag": "cross_reference_required", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.5-R02/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.6-R01", "section": "14.12.2.6", "title_ja": "静電気対策", "title_en": "STATIC", "summary_ja": "燃料取扱場所、航空機駐機場所、その他同様の用途では、静電気を逃がすための対策を設けることを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Static-dissipation provisions should be provided for fuel handling, aircraft parking, and similar applications.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.6-R01/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R01", "section": "14.12.2.7", "title_ja": "ボンディングに関する考慮事項", "title_en": "BONDING CONSIDERATIONS", "summary_ja": "地中のボンディング接続には、テルミット溶接または同等方式を使用することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Buried below-grade bonding connections should use exothermic weld or equivalent.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R01/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R02", "section": "14.12.2.7", "title_ja": "ボンディングに関する考慮事項", "title_en": "BONDING CONSIDERATIONS", "summary_ja": "地中のウェル内接続および地上露出接続には、圧着コネクタまたは止めねじ式クランプの使用を認めています。", "source_fact_en": "Below-grade connections in wells and exposed above-grade connections may use pressure connectors or set-screw clamps.", "strength": "permitted", "strength_ja": "許容", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R02/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R03", "section": "14.12.2.7", "title_ja": "ボンディングに関する考慮事項", "title_en": "BONDING CONSIDERATIONS", "summary_ja": "主ボンディングジャンパおよび機器ボンディングジャンパは、該当するNEC表に従ってサイズ選定することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Main and equipment bonding jumpers should be sized according to the applicable NEC tables.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R03/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R04", "section": "14.12.2.7", "title_ja": "ボンディングに関する考慮事項", "title_en": "BONDING CONSIDERATIONS", "summary_ja": "長い配電線路では、電位差をおおむね25 Vに抑えるため、多点接地を行うことを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Multi-point grounding is recommended for long distribution lines to limit voltage gradients to approximately 25 V.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R04/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R05", "section": "14.12.2.7", "title_ja": "ボンディングに関する考慮事項", "title_en": "BONDING CONSIDERATIONS", "summary_ja": "架空線の中性線は、各電柱、変圧器、避雷器で接地することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Overhead-line neutrals should be grounded at each pole, transformer, and arrester.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R05/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R06", "section": "14.12.2.7", "title_ja": "ボンディングに関する考慮事項", "title_en": "BONDING CONSIDERATIONS", "summary_ja": "地中ケーブルのシールドは、各マンホールおよび接続部で接地することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Underground-cable shields should be grounded at each manhole and splice.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R06/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R07", "section": "14.12.2.7", "title_ja": "ボンディングに関する考慮事項", "title_en": "BONDING CONSIDERATIONS", "summary_ja": "パーソナルコンピュータ用途では、対応する絶縁接地形コンセントを用いた絶縁接地構成を推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "An isolated-ground arrangement is recommended for personal-computer applications using corresponding isolated-ground receptacles.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R07/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R08", "section": "14.12.2.7", "title_ja": "ボンディングに関する考慮事項", "title_en": "BONDING CONSIDERATIONS", "summary_ja": "機器接地導体は、対応する電源導体と同じレースウェイ内に敷設することを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Equipment-ground conductors need to be installed in the same raceway as the corresponding supply conductors.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R08/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R09", "section": "14.12.2.7", "title_ja": "ボンディングに関する考慮事項", "title_en": "BONDING CONSIDERATIONS", "summary_ja": "補助接地導体、ボンディングジャンパ、接地極は、NECに基づく基本的な機器接地経路を確保した後に限り追加できるとしています。", "source_fact_en": "Supplemental ground conductors, bonding jumpers, and electrodes may be added only after the basic NEC equipment-grounding path is provided.", "strength": "conditional_permission", "strength_ja": "条件付き許可", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.7-R09/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R01", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム性能要件", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS", "summary_ja": "接地極サブシステムの有効性は、接地抵抗測定によって評価することを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Effectiveness of the electrode subsystem will be evaluated by resistance measurements.", "strength": "mandatory_verification", "strength_ja": "必須検証", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "commissioning" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R01/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R02", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム性能要件", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS", "summary_ja": "一般的な電力系統接地では、接地抵抗15 Ωを目標とすることを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "For conventional power-system grounding, the target resistance should be 15 ohms.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "commissioning" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R02/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R03", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム性能要件", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS", "summary_ja": "電子機器施設では、接地抵抗を5 Ω未満とすることが一般に望ましいとしています。", "source_fact_en": "For electronics facilities, grounding resistance below 5 ohms is generally desired.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "commissioning" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R03/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R04", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム性能要件", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS", "summary_ja": "各建物には、少なくとも1つの人工接地極を設けることを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Each building must be supplied with at least one made electrode.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R04/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R05", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム性能要件", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS", "summary_ja": "屋内の金属製給水配管は、機器接地系統へボンディングすることを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Interior metallic water piping should be bonded to the equipment-grounding system.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R05/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R06", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム性能要件", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS", "summary_ja": "屋外の金属製給水配管を人工接地極へ相互接続することを認めています。", "source_fact_en": "Exterior metallic water piping may be interconnected with made electrodes.", "strength": "permission", "strength_ja": "許可", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R06/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R07", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム性能要件", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS", "summary_ja": "陰極防食の絶縁継手を跨いでジャンパを接続することは禁止しています。", "source_fact_en": "Jumpers must not be connected across cathodic-protection isolation fittings.", "strength": "prohibited", "strength_ja": "禁止", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R07/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R08", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム性能要件", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS", "summary_ja": "雷保護を備える施設、弾薬庫、変圧器基礎、同様の電子機器施設には、接地リングを設けることを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "A ground ring should be provided around facilities with lightning protection and at munitions igloos, transformer pads, and similar electronics facilities.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R08/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R09", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム性能要件", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS", "summary_ja": "接地リングには、少なくとも4本の接地棒を含めることを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "A ground ring is to include a minimum of four ground rods.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R09/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R10", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM", "summary_ja": "送電用変電所または開閉所では、相互接続した接地グリッド構成を推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "A bonded ground-grid configuration is recommended for transmission substations or switchyards.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R10/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R11", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM", "summary_ja": "基礎など大地と接するコンクリートに鉄筋を設ける場合は、断熱材、防湿層、フィルムなどで大地と分離されていない限り、鉄筋を接地系統へ接続することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Where rebar is installed in earth-contact concrete such as footings, the rebar should be tied to the grounding system unless insulation, vapor barriers, films, or similar materials separate the concrete from earth.", "strength": "conditional_recommended", "strength_ja": "条件付き推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R11/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R12", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM", "summary_ja": "地下水位が低い砂質土では、深井戸式接地システムを検討することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "A deep-well grounding system should be considered in sandy soil with a low water table.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R12/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R13", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM", "summary_ja": "深井戸式接地では、接地リングで各深井戸とすべての施設を相互接続することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "A ground ring should interconnect deep wells and all facilities in a deep-well grounding arrangement.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R13/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R14", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM", "summary_ja": "接地極の試験や特殊機器の仮設接地のため定期的なアクセスが必要な場合は、接地ウェルを設けることを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Ground wells are to be provided where periodic access to electrodes is desired for testing or temporary grounding of special equipment.", "strength": "conditional_mandatory", "strength_ja": "条件付き必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "commissioning", "operations_maintenance" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R14/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R15", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM", "summary_ja": "特殊な接地極サブシステム同士は、地中で相互接続することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Below-grade interconnection of special electrode subsystems is recommended.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R15/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R16", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム性能要件", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS", "summary_ja": "基準電極を用いる電位降下法を、接地抵抗試験の優先方式としています。", "source_fact_en": "The fall-of-potential method using a reference electrode is the preferred grounding-resistance test procedure.", "strength": "preference", "strength_ja": "優先", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "commissioning" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R16/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R17", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム性能要件", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS", "summary_ja": "一般的な電力系統接地では、接地抵抗25 Ωを許容最大上限としています。", "source_fact_en": "For conventional power-system grounding, 25 ohms is the maximum permissible upper limit.", "strength": "mandatory_limit", "strength_ja": "必須上限", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "commissioning" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R17/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R18", "section": "14.12.2.8", "title_ja": "電子サブシステム性能要件", "title_en": "ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS", "summary_ja": "屋外の金属製給水配管を、必要な人工接地極の代わりに使用することは禁止しています。", "source_fact_en": "Exterior metallic water piping cannot be substituted for the required made electrode.", "strength": "prohibited", "strength_ja": "禁止", "applicable_phases": [ "design" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.8-R18/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.9-R01", "section": "14.12.2.9", "title_ja": "特殊用途", "title_en": "SPECIAL APPLICATIONS", "summary_ja": "架空線では、各線路柱および変圧器柱で中性線を接地し、避雷器は別系統で接地接続することを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "For overhead lines, neutral is to be connected to ground at each line pole and transformer pole, with separate arrester connections.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.9-R01/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.9-R02", "section": "14.12.2.9", "title_ja": "特殊用途", "title_en": "SPECIAL APPLICATIONS", "summary_ja": "300 Vを超える導体を支持する構造物の支線は、土壌・用途条件に応じた方法で確実に接地することを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "Guy wires associated with structures supporting conductors above 300 V should be effectively grounded as specified for the soil/application condition.", "strength": "recommended", "strength_ja": "推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.9-R02/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.9-R03", "section": "14.12.2.9", "title_ja": "特殊用途", "title_en": "SPECIAL APPLICATIONS", "summary_ja": "地下構造物の腐食が問題となる低抵抗土壌では、亜鉛めっきアンカーおよび支線を銅製接地系統へ接続しないことを推奨しています。", "source_fact_en": "In low-resistivity soils where underground-structure corrosion is a problem, galvanized anchors and guys should not be connected to copper grounding systems.", "strength": "recommended_against", "strength_ja": "非推奨", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.9-R03/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.9-R04", "section": "14.12.2.9", "title_ja": "特殊用途", "title_en": "SPECIAL APPLICATIONS", "summary_ja": "支線用碍子を使用する場合、その湿潤フラッシオーバ定格を回路の線間電圧以上とすることを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Where guy-wire strain insulators are used, wet flashover rating must equal the circuit phase-to-phase voltage.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.9-R04/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.9-R05", "section": "14.12.2.9", "title_ja": "特殊用途", "title_en": "SPECIAL APPLICATIONS", "summary_ja": "接地中性線がなく、指定された支線碍子も設置できない場合は、支線を接地することを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Where no grounded neutral exists and the prescribed guy-wire insulators cannot be installed, the guy must be grounded.", "strength": "conditional_mandatory", "strength_ja": "条件付き必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.9-R05/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.9-R06", "section": "14.12.2.9", "title_ja": "特殊用途", "title_en": "SPECIAL APPLICATIONS", "summary_ja": "地中ケーブルおよび関連金物は、UFGS 33 71 02に従って接地することを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "Underground cable and associated hardware are to be grounded in accordance with UFGS 33 71 02.", "strength": "mandatory", "strength_ja": "必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "cross_reference_required", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.9-R06/" }, { "requirement_id": "JDDG25-14.12.2.9-R07", "section": "14.12.2.9", "title_ja": "特殊用途", "title_en": "SPECIAL APPLICATIONS", "summary_ja": "前記の非接地系統の例外条件では、亜鉛めっき接地棒を使用することを求めています。", "source_fact_en": "In that ungrounded-system exception, galvanized ground rods must be used.", "strength": "conditional_mandatory", "strength_ja": "条件付き必須", "applicable_phases": [ "design", "installation" ], "quality_flag": "normal", "url": "https://www.ieee802.co.jp/jddg/2025/requirements/JDDG25-14.12.2.9-R07/" } ] }